Series: NOV 2018

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PSAF – Nov 2018 – L2 – Q7 – Fiscal Policy and Public Finance

Discuss the objectives of an ideal intergovernmental fiscal system and the problems facing intergovernmental fiscal relations in Nigeria.

“There are critical issues and problems with decentralisation of government and intergovernmental fiscal relations in Nigeria.”

Required:
a. The main objectives of an ideal system of fiscal relations among sub-national units in a federation.
(6 Marks)
b. Three problems of intergovernmental fiscal relations in Nigeria.
(9 Marks)

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PSAF – Nov 2018 – L2 – Q7 – Fiscal Policy and Public Finance

Discuss the objectives of an ideal intergovernmental fiscal system and the problems facing intergovernmental fiscal relations in Nigeria.

“There are critical issues and problems with decentralisation of government and intergovernmental fiscal relations in Nigeria.”

Required:
a. The main objectives of an ideal system of fiscal relations among sub-national units in a federation.
(6 Marks)
b. Three problems of intergovernmental fiscal relations in Nigeria.
(9 Marks)

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PSAF – Nov 2018 – L2 – Q6 – Fiscal Policy and Public Finance

Discuss the concept of market failure and provide cases justifying government intervention in the economy.

he need for government intervention in the economy is justified on the basis of market failure. In particular, the intervention has become inevitable in view of some practical situations for which the market is rather unhelpful.

Required:
a. Discuss the notion of “market failure” as a basis for government intervention.
(5 Marks)
b. Provide four illustrative cases to justify government intervention in the Nigerian economy.
(10 Marks)

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PSAF – Nov 2018 – L2 – Q6 – Fiscal Policy and Public Finance

Discuss the concept of market failure and provide cases justifying government intervention in the economy.

he need for government intervention in the economy is justified on the basis of market failure. In particular, the intervention has become inevitable in view of some practical situations for which the market is rather unhelpful.

Required:
a. Discuss the notion of “market failure” as a basis for government intervention.
(5 Marks)
b. Provide four illustrative cases to justify government intervention in the Nigerian economy.
(10 Marks)

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PSAF – Nov 2018 – L2 – Q5 – Fiscal Policy and Public Finance

Discuss the causes of Nigeria’s public debt increase, along with the benefits and adverse effects of public debt.

For some years, the level of Nigeria’s public debt has maintained an upward trend.

Required:
(a) Discuss four major causes for the increase in public debt.
(7 Marks)
(b) Explain three major benefits and two adverse effects of public debt to the country.
(8 Marks)

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PSAF – Nov 2018 – L2 – Q5 – Fiscal Policy and Public Finance

Discuss the causes of Nigeria’s public debt increase, along with the benefits and adverse effects of public debt.

For some years, the level of Nigeria’s public debt has maintained an upward trend.

Required:
(a) Discuss four major causes for the increase in public debt.
(7 Marks)
(b) Explain three major benefits and two adverse effects of public debt to the country.
(8 Marks)

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PSAF – Nov 2018 – L2 – Q4 – Government Accounting Concepts and Principles

Evaluate the viability of two local government projects using Pay Back Period and Accounting Rate of Return methods.

Sampolopolo Local Government has identified a vacant land beside its marriage registry building. The director of administration proposed that the land be used either for a cybercafé where the general public can browse, make phone calls, photocopy and carry out other computer services or for the construction of an entertainment event-hall that can be rented out on a commercial basis.
This idea was tabled at the council’s management meeting and unanimously accepted. However, the Finance and General Purposes Committee recommended five years for the project since the council secretariat building will be extended in the future to accommodate more offices for the increased staff strength, and this was approved.

The cost of building the cybercafé and the event-hall with necessary facilities and fittings as well as the expected cash inflows/profits as prepared by the director of administration are as follows:

Required:
As the consultant engaged by Sampolopolo Local Government, advise the Local Government on the more viable project using:
i. Pay Back Period (PBP) (7 Marks)
ii. Accounting Rate of Return (ARR) (13 Marks)

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PSAF – Nov 2018 – L2 – Q4 – Government Accounting Concepts and Principles

Evaluate the viability of two local government projects using Pay Back Period and Accounting Rate of Return methods.

Sampolopolo Local Government has identified a vacant land beside its marriage registry building. The director of administration proposed that the land be used either for a cybercafé where the general public can browse, make phone calls, photocopy and carry out other computer services or for the construction of an entertainment event-hall that can be rented out on a commercial basis.
This idea was tabled at the council’s management meeting and unanimously accepted. However, the Finance and General Purposes Committee recommended five years for the project since the council secretariat building will be extended in the future to accommodate more offices for the increased staff strength, and this was approved.

The cost of building the cybercafé and the event-hall with necessary facilities and fittings as well as the expected cash inflows/profits as prepared by the director of administration are as follows:

Required:
As the consultant engaged by Sampolopolo Local Government, advise the Local Government on the more viable project using:
i. Pay Back Period (PBP) (7 Marks)
ii. Accounting Rate of Return (ARR) (13 Marks)

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PSAF – Nov 2018 – L2 – Q3 – Government Expenditure

Calculate loans granted to civil servants, interest on loans, and discuss conditions and requirements for correspondence advances.

In order to ameliorate the transportation challenges being encountered by civil servants, Welfare State of Nigeria gave motor vehicle, tri-cycle, and motorcycle loans and advances for its workers. The workers were granted loans and advances equivalent to their annual basic salary. The total fund available for the loan was N1 billion. The officers that applied for the loans and their grade levels are as follows:

  • 250 officers – GL 01 – 05 at an average annual basic salary of N258,000;
  • 100 officers – GL 06 – 07 at an average annual basic salary of N450,000;
  • 50 officers – GL 08 and above at an average annual basic salary of N650,000.

The interest rate payable on the loans and advances is 12.5% p.a. to take care of the time value of money.

Required:
(a) You are required to calculate:
i. The total loans and advances that were given to the workers, showing the balance of the fund not yet accessed.
(10 Marks)
ii. The aggregate interest paid on the loans and advances.
(2 Marks)

(b) Discuss:
i. Four conditions which have to be fulfilled for the grant of correspondence advance.
(4 Marks)
ii. Two requirements for granting and repaying correspondence advance.
(4 Marks)

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PSAF – Nov 2018 – L2 – Q3 – Government Expenditure

Calculate loans granted to civil servants, interest on loans, and discuss conditions and requirements for correspondence advances.

In order to ameliorate the transportation challenges being encountered by civil servants, Welfare State of Nigeria gave motor vehicle, tri-cycle, and motorcycle loans and advances for its workers. The workers were granted loans and advances equivalent to their annual basic salary. The total fund available for the loan was N1 billion. The officers that applied for the loans and their grade levels are as follows:

  • 250 officers – GL 01 – 05 at an average annual basic salary of N258,000;
  • 100 officers – GL 06 – 07 at an average annual basic salary of N450,000;
  • 50 officers – GL 08 and above at an average annual basic salary of N650,000.

The interest rate payable on the loans and advances is 12.5% p.a. to take care of the time value of money.

Required:
(a) You are required to calculate:
i. The total loans and advances that were given to the workers, showing the balance of the fund not yet accessed.
(10 Marks)
ii. The aggregate interest paid on the loans and advances.
(2 Marks)

(b) Discuss:
i. Four conditions which have to be fulfilled for the grant of correspondence advance.
(4 Marks)
ii. Two requirements for granting and repaying correspondence advance.
(4 Marks)

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PSAF – Nov 2018 – L2 – Q2 – International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS)

Discuss reasons for holding investment properties and IPSAS 16 measurement methods, providing examples of investment and non-investment properties.

In line with the Government’s efforts at promoting accountability and transparency, the Federal Government of Nigeria has adopted and is implementing the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS). The IPSAS 16 specifically deals with Investment Property which could be land, building, or both. A public sector entity may be established to manage such property portfolios on a commercial basis. An example of such an entity could be a University or Local Government.

Required:
a. Discuss two reasons for holding investment property and the two methods of measurement as contained in IPSAS 16.
(8 Marks)
b. Illustrate with four examples each of investment property and non-investment property.
(12 Marks)

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PSAF – Nov 2018 – L2 – Q2 – International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS)

Discuss reasons for holding investment properties and IPSAS 16 measurement methods, providing examples of investment and non-investment properties.

In line with the Government’s efforts at promoting accountability and transparency, the Federal Government of Nigeria has adopted and is implementing the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS). The IPSAS 16 specifically deals with Investment Property which could be land, building, or both. A public sector entity may be established to manage such property portfolios on a commercial basis. An example of such an entity could be a University or Local Government.

Required:
a. Discuss two reasons for holding investment property and the two methods of measurement as contained in IPSAS 16.
(8 Marks)
b. Illustrate with four examples each of investment property and non-investment property.
(12 Marks)

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PSAF – Nov 2018 – L2 – Q1 – Regulatory and Institutional Framework

Discuss actions against companies with non-compliant financial reports, calculate NEITI unspent funds, outline NEITI functions and procedures for appointing auditors.

The Federal Government of Nigeria is committed to the principle of transparency and accountability in all its financial activities. The country has diverse sources of revenue which include natural resources, ranging from iron-ore, crude oil, zinc, tin-ore, and coal. In order to enhance its agenda of “zero tolerance for corruption,” the country established, among others, the Nigeria Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative Commission (NEITI) with the sole aim of reducing corruption in the extractive industry. The establishment of the commission was backed by an Act of National Assembly in 2007.

The commission normally carries out annual audits of accounts of companies in the extractive industry after obtaining their statements of accounts on a regular basis. Records available to NEITI revealed that five out of fifty-two companies in the industry failed to render their statements of accounts for the year 2016; another eight companies rendered falsified statements of accounts, while thirty-nine companies rendered accurate statements of accounts.

The records of receipts and expenditures of NEITI revealed total receipts of N2,396,581,900 in 2016, out of which N1,998,500,770 was expended on the commission’s activities up to December 31, 2016.
Further scrutiny of the accounts revealed receipts of gratification by some government officials in the eight companies that presented falsified statements of accounts. There were also expenses on frivolous overseas tours allegedly for attending seminars and workshops.

In line with the Act that established the commission, the audit reports on the financial activities of the companies in the extractive industry have been sent to the President and the National Assembly.

Required:
a. Discuss five actions that should be taken against the companies that failed to render their statements of accounts and those that rendered falsified statements of accounts.
(7½ Marks)
b. Calculate the unspent amount by the commission as at December 31, 2016 and the treatment of the unspent amount.
(4 Marks)
c. Outline five functions of NEITI as contained in the Act that established it and indicate the members of the National Stakeholder Working Group (NSWG) as contained in the NEITI Act, 2007.
(12½ Marks)
d. Explain six procedures for the appointment of auditors and publication of reports as contained in Section 4 of NEITI Act, 2007.
(6 Marks)

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PSAF – Nov 2018 – L2 – Q1 – Regulatory and Institutional Framework

Discuss actions against companies with non-compliant financial reports, calculate NEITI unspent funds, outline NEITI functions and procedures for appointing auditors.

The Federal Government of Nigeria is committed to the principle of transparency and accountability in all its financial activities. The country has diverse sources of revenue which include natural resources, ranging from iron-ore, crude oil, zinc, tin-ore, and coal. In order to enhance its agenda of “zero tolerance for corruption,” the country established, among others, the Nigeria Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative Commission (NEITI) with the sole aim of reducing corruption in the extractive industry. The establishment of the commission was backed by an Act of National Assembly in 2007.

The commission normally carries out annual audits of accounts of companies in the extractive industry after obtaining their statements of accounts on a regular basis. Records available to NEITI revealed that five out of fifty-two companies in the industry failed to render their statements of accounts for the year 2016; another eight companies rendered falsified statements of accounts, while thirty-nine companies rendered accurate statements of accounts.

The records of receipts and expenditures of NEITI revealed total receipts of N2,396,581,900 in 2016, out of which N1,998,500,770 was expended on the commission’s activities up to December 31, 2016.
Further scrutiny of the accounts revealed receipts of gratification by some government officials in the eight companies that presented falsified statements of accounts. There were also expenses on frivolous overseas tours allegedly for attending seminars and workshops.

In line with the Act that established the commission, the audit reports on the financial activities of the companies in the extractive industry have been sent to the President and the National Assembly.

Required:
a. Discuss five actions that should be taken against the companies that failed to render their statements of accounts and those that rendered falsified statements of accounts.
(7½ Marks)
b. Calculate the unspent amount by the commission as at December 31, 2016 and the treatment of the unspent amount.
(4 Marks)
c. Outline five functions of NEITI as contained in the Act that established it and indicate the members of the National Stakeholder Working Group (NSWG) as contained in the NEITI Act, 2007.
(12½ Marks)
d. Explain six procedures for the appointment of auditors and publication of reports as contained in Section 4 of NEITI Act, 2007.
(6 Marks)

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AA – Nov 2018 – L2 – Q7 – Internal Audit

Explains internal audit, identifies weaknesses in audit structure, and outlines the differences between internal and external auditors.

Good Weather Nigeria Plc is a company engaged in the business of manufacturing detergents with an annual turnover of N7 billion. It carries out its operations from six locations: Abuja, Enugu, Benin, Port-Harcourt, and Jos, with its head office in Lagos. The company has an internal audit function with three staff. The Chief Internal Auditor was recruited by the Executive Finance Director to facilitate a good working relationship between the finance and audit functions. All the staff in the unit are graduates and members of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nigeria (ICAN). The staff of internal audit have been in the unit for over eight years. The Chief Internal Auditor reports to the Executive Finance Director.

Required:
a. Explain the term “internal audit.”
(2 Marks)

b. Identify and explain the weaknesses in the above scenario.
(8 Marks)

c. Enumerate the differences between the roles of an internal auditor and an external auditor.
(5 Marks)

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AA – Nov 2018 – L2 – Q7 – Internal Audit

Explains internal audit, identifies weaknesses in audit structure, and outlines the differences between internal and external auditors.

Good Weather Nigeria Plc is a company engaged in the business of manufacturing detergents with an annual turnover of N7 billion. It carries out its operations from six locations: Abuja, Enugu, Benin, Port-Harcourt, and Jos, with its head office in Lagos. The company has an internal audit function with three staff. The Chief Internal Auditor was recruited by the Executive Finance Director to facilitate a good working relationship between the finance and audit functions. All the staff in the unit are graduates and members of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nigeria (ICAN). The staff of internal audit have been in the unit for over eight years. The Chief Internal Auditor reports to the Executive Finance Director.

Required:
a. Explain the term “internal audit.”
(2 Marks)

b. Identify and explain the weaknesses in the above scenario.
(8 Marks)

c. Enumerate the differences between the roles of an internal auditor and an external auditor.
(5 Marks)

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AA – Nov 2018 – L2 – Q6 – Audit Evidence

Explains the factors auditors consider for sufficient evidence, reliability principles, and steps to take when audit evidence is insufficient.

The auditor is required by ISA 500 to design and perform appropriate audit procedures for obtaining sufficient and appropriate audit evidence.

Required:
a. Identify five factors that an auditor will consider in determining what constitutes sufficient audit evidence.
(5 Marks)

b. Explain five principles that would assist the auditor in assessing the reliability of audit evidence.
(5 Marks)

c. What steps must the auditor take if he discovers that the evidence obtained is insufficient to form an opinion?
(5 Marks)

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AA – Nov 2018 – L2 – Q6 – Audit Evidence

Explains the factors auditors consider for sufficient evidence, reliability principles, and steps to take when audit evidence is insufficient.

The auditor is required by ISA 500 to design and perform appropriate audit procedures for obtaining sufficient and appropriate audit evidence.

Required:
a. Identify five factors that an auditor will consider in determining what constitutes sufficient audit evidence.
(5 Marks)

b. Explain five principles that would assist the auditor in assessing the reliability of audit evidence.
(5 Marks)

c. What steps must the auditor take if he discovers that the evidence obtained is insufficient to form an opinion?
(5 Marks)

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AA – Nov 2018 – L2 – Q5 – Audit Evidence

Outline the audit tests for purchased goodwill and development projects, and the conditions for recognizing development projects in financial statements.

The intangible assets that can be recognized in the statement of financial position are purchased goodwill, intangibles having a readily ascertainable market value, and development costs.

Required:
a. State five audit tests required to obtain audit evidence on purchased goodwill.
(5 Marks)

b. Identify five audit tests relevant to obtaining evidence on development projects.
(5 Marks)

c. Itemize five conditions that must be fulfilled before development projects can be recognized in the financial statements.
(5 Marks)

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AA – Nov 2018 – L2 – Q5 – Audit Evidence

Outline the audit tests for purchased goodwill and development projects, and the conditions for recognizing development projects in financial statements.

The intangible assets that can be recognized in the statement of financial position are purchased goodwill, intangibles having a readily ascertainable market value, and development costs.

Required:
a. State five audit tests required to obtain audit evidence on purchased goodwill.
(5 Marks)

b. Identify five audit tests relevant to obtaining evidence on development projects.
(5 Marks)

c. Itemize five conditions that must be fulfilled before development projects can be recognized in the financial statements.
(5 Marks)

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PM – Nov 2018 – L2 – Q4 – Costing Systems and Techniques

Calculates labour costs, profitability, and material cost based on ARR for Julmat Limited’s new product.

Julmat Limited, a manufacturing company, has developed a new product that requires an initial capital investment of N5m. At the end of the product’s life, the capital equipment is expected to have a value of N3m. Julmat Limited requires an Annual Rate of Return (ARR) of 20% on its average investment on products of this type. The new product has an expected life of one year before it will be replaced by a more advanced product.

Production
The new product will be manufactured in batches of 1,000 units using a just-in-time production system.

The first batch is expected to incur a direct labour cost of N100,000, but a 75% learning curve is expected until the cumulative production equals 30 batches.

Thereafter, each batch is expected to incur the same direct labour cost as that of the 30th batch.

The expected direct materials cost for the first batch is N50,000. However, an experience curve is expected to apply to the first 10 batches produced; thereafter, no further savings in material costs per batch are expected.

Other production costs are expected to be N10,000 per batch.

Sales
Sales of the new product are expected as follows for each of the four stages of the product life cycle:

Stage Units Sold Selling Price per Unit (N)
Introduction 10,000 120
Growth 30,000 100
Maturity 60,000 80
Decline 30,000 50

Required:
a. Prepare calculations to show the total direct labour cost of the product for each of the four stages of the product life cycle. (6 Marks)
b. Assuming that there is no experience curve in relation to the product’s direct material cost, prepare a statement that shows the profitability of the new product for each of the four stages of the product life cycle individually and in total for the product’s life. (5 Marks)
c. Assuming that the direct material experience curve applies, calculate the average direct material cost per batch that must be incurred in order for the company to meet its ARR target over the life cycle of the product. (4 Marks)
d. Discuss the concept of life cycle costing and its effect on product pricing strategies at different stages of the product life cycle. Use the Julmat Limited scenario to illustrate your answer. (5 Marks)

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PM – Nov 2018 – L2 – Q4 – Costing Systems and Techniques

Calculates labour costs, profitability, and material cost based on ARR for Julmat Limited’s new product.

Julmat Limited, a manufacturing company, has developed a new product that requires an initial capital investment of N5m. At the end of the product’s life, the capital equipment is expected to have a value of N3m. Julmat Limited requires an Annual Rate of Return (ARR) of 20% on its average investment on products of this type. The new product has an expected life of one year before it will be replaced by a more advanced product.

Production
The new product will be manufactured in batches of 1,000 units using a just-in-time production system.

The first batch is expected to incur a direct labour cost of N100,000, but a 75% learning curve is expected until the cumulative production equals 30 batches.

Thereafter, each batch is expected to incur the same direct labour cost as that of the 30th batch.

The expected direct materials cost for the first batch is N50,000. However, an experience curve is expected to apply to the first 10 batches produced; thereafter, no further savings in material costs per batch are expected.

Other production costs are expected to be N10,000 per batch.

Sales
Sales of the new product are expected as follows for each of the four stages of the product life cycle:

Stage Units Sold Selling Price per Unit (N)
Introduction 10,000 120
Growth 30,000 100
Maturity 60,000 80
Decline 30,000 50

Required:
a. Prepare calculations to show the total direct labour cost of the product for each of the four stages of the product life cycle. (6 Marks)
b. Assuming that there is no experience curve in relation to the product’s direct material cost, prepare a statement that shows the profitability of the new product for each of the four stages of the product life cycle individually and in total for the product’s life. (5 Marks)
c. Assuming that the direct material experience curve applies, calculate the average direct material cost per batch that must be incurred in order for the company to meet its ARR target over the life cycle of the product. (4 Marks)
d. Discuss the concept of life cycle costing and its effect on product pricing strategies at different stages of the product life cycle. Use the Julmat Limited scenario to illustrate your answer. (5 Marks)

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PM – Nov 2018 – L2 – Q3 – Working Capital Management

Prepare cash forecast, profitability, and liquidity ratio for Omegboeji Nigeria Ltd from 2015-2017.

Omegboeji Nigeria Limited is a trading company that specialises in buying and selling of bulk oil. The company is financed by a capital base of N24 million inclusive of reserves in a mix of 30% and 70% of debt and equity respectively. The company has been in the trading business for the past six years and has consistently adhered to its corporate policy on sales, purchases, and inventory management.

The company’s policy on sales is to ensure that sales proceeds are collected as follows:
(i) Cash Sales is 30% of the monthly sales.
(ii) The balance of the month’s sales is to be collected in the month following sales.

The policy on monthly purchases, which is in agreement with the supplier’s policy, is to pay for all supplies in the month following the month of purchase. The general policy of the company is that purchase cost for bulk oil represents 60% of the corresponding annual sales value while its inventory policy is to reserve 30% of the month’s purchases as closing inventory.

The following information is available for the five years 2013 to 2017:

Year Monthly Sales (N’000) Monthly Salaries (N’000) Monthly Rent (N’000) Monthly Expenses (N’000)
2013 12,000 800 400 350
2014 15,000 800 400 370
2015 16,800 960 400 390
2016 18,000 960 400 390
2017 24,000 1,080 400 380

Additional information:
(i) The company will purchase a motor vehicle in July 2016, which will be paid for in two instalments as follows:

  • First payment: 60% of cost in September 2016
  • Balance: To be paid in November 2016
    The cost of the motor vehicle is expected to be N7,500,000.

(ii)Annual depreciation for the motor vehicle will be 20% on a straight-line basis. Monthly expenses include annual depreciation for the motor vehicle.

(iii) The cash balance as of December 31, 2014, was N2,500,000.

(iv) The company’s salaries, rent, and expenses will be paid in the month during which they are due.

Required:
a. Prepare a cash forecast for 2015, 2016, and 2017, showing the closing cash balance at each year-end. (10 Marks)

b. Prepare a forecast profitability statement for 2015, 2016, and 2017. (7 Marks)

c. Determine and comment on the forecast liquidity ratio (current ratio) for 2017. (3 Marks)

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PM – Nov 2018 – L2 – Q3 – Working Capital Management

Prepare cash forecast, profitability, and liquidity ratio for Omegboeji Nigeria Ltd from 2015-2017.

Omegboeji Nigeria Limited is a trading company that specialises in buying and selling of bulk oil. The company is financed by a capital base of N24 million inclusive of reserves in a mix of 30% and 70% of debt and equity respectively. The company has been in the trading business for the past six years and has consistently adhered to its corporate policy on sales, purchases, and inventory management.

The company’s policy on sales is to ensure that sales proceeds are collected as follows:
(i) Cash Sales is 30% of the monthly sales.
(ii) The balance of the month’s sales is to be collected in the month following sales.

The policy on monthly purchases, which is in agreement with the supplier’s policy, is to pay for all supplies in the month following the month of purchase. The general policy of the company is that purchase cost for bulk oil represents 60% of the corresponding annual sales value while its inventory policy is to reserve 30% of the month’s purchases as closing inventory.

The following information is available for the five years 2013 to 2017:

Year Monthly Sales (N’000) Monthly Salaries (N’000) Monthly Rent (N’000) Monthly Expenses (N’000)
2013 12,000 800 400 350
2014 15,000 800 400 370
2015 16,800 960 400 390
2016 18,000 960 400 390
2017 24,000 1,080 400 380

Additional information:
(i) The company will purchase a motor vehicle in July 2016, which will be paid for in two instalments as follows:

  • First payment: 60% of cost in September 2016
  • Balance: To be paid in November 2016
    The cost of the motor vehicle is expected to be N7,500,000.

(ii)Annual depreciation for the motor vehicle will be 20% on a straight-line basis. Monthly expenses include annual depreciation for the motor vehicle.

(iii) The cash balance as of December 31, 2014, was N2,500,000.

(iv) The company’s salaries, rent, and expenses will be paid in the month during which they are due.

Required:
a. Prepare a cash forecast for 2015, 2016, and 2017, showing the closing cash balance at each year-end. (10 Marks)

b. Prepare a forecast profitability statement for 2015, 2016, and 2017. (7 Marks)

c. Determine and comment on the forecast liquidity ratio (current ratio) for 2017. (3 Marks)

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PM – Nov 2018 – L2 – Q2c – Transfer Pricing

Explains two key attributes of a good transfer pricing policy.

Explain TWO attributes of a good transfer pricing policy.

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PM – Nov 2018 – L2 – Q2c – Transfer Pricing

Explains two key attributes of a good transfer pricing policy.

Explain TWO attributes of a good transfer pricing policy.

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PM – Nov 2018 – L2 – Q2a and Q2b – Transfer Pricing

Calculate divisional profits and analyze the group impact under different demand scenarios and alternative sourcing options.

X and Y Divisions are two arms of the XY group of companies. X Division manufactures one type of component, which it sells to external customers and also to Y Division.

The following information relates to X Division:

  • Market price per component: N200
  • Variable cost per component: N105
  • Fixed costs: N1,375,000 per period
  • Demand from Y Division: 20,000 components per period
  • Capacity: 35,000 components per period

Y Division assembles another type of product, which it sells to external customers. Each unit of that product requires two of the components manufactured by X Division.

The following information relates to Y Division:

  • Selling price per unit: N800
  • Variable cost per unit:
    • Two components from X: 2 @ transfer price
    • Other variable costs: N250
  • Fixed costs: N900,000 per period
  • Demand: 10,000 units per period
  • Capacity: 10,000 units per period

Group Transfer Pricing Policy:

  • Transfers must be at opportunity cost.
  • Y must buy the components from X.

Required:

a. Calculate the profit for each division if the external demand per period for the components made by X Division is: i. 15,000 components ii. 19,000 components iii. 35,000 components

b. Calculate the financial impact on the Group if Y Division ignored the transfer pricing policy and purchased the 20,000 components it needs from an external supplier for N170 each. Your answer must consider the impact at each of the three levels of demand (15,000, 19,000, and 35,000 components) from external customers for the components manufactured by X Division.
(3 Marks)

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PM – Nov 2018 – L2 – Q2a and Q2b – Transfer Pricing

Calculate divisional profits and analyze the group impact under different demand scenarios and alternative sourcing options.

X and Y Divisions are two arms of the XY group of companies. X Division manufactures one type of component, which it sells to external customers and also to Y Division.

The following information relates to X Division:

  • Market price per component: N200
  • Variable cost per component: N105
  • Fixed costs: N1,375,000 per period
  • Demand from Y Division: 20,000 components per period
  • Capacity: 35,000 components per period

Y Division assembles another type of product, which it sells to external customers. Each unit of that product requires two of the components manufactured by X Division.

The following information relates to Y Division:

  • Selling price per unit: N800
  • Variable cost per unit:
    • Two components from X: 2 @ transfer price
    • Other variable costs: N250
  • Fixed costs: N900,000 per period
  • Demand: 10,000 units per period
  • Capacity: 10,000 units per period

Group Transfer Pricing Policy:

  • Transfers must be at opportunity cost.
  • Y must buy the components from X.

Required:

a. Calculate the profit for each division if the external demand per period for the components made by X Division is: i. 15,000 components ii. 19,000 components iii. 35,000 components

b. Calculate the financial impact on the Group if Y Division ignored the transfer pricing policy and purchased the 20,000 components it needs from an external supplier for N170 each. Your answer must consider the impact at each of the three levels of demand (15,000, 19,000, and 35,000 components) from external customers for the components manufactured by X Division.
(3 Marks)

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PM – Nov 2018 – L2 – SA – Q1 – Decision-Making Techniques

Maximize profit for JJ Company by determining the optimal production plan and advising on Year 2 scenarios for fulfilling demand.

JJ Company specializes in the manufacture and distribution of accessories for cars and motorcycles across central Lagos and the suburbs. The board and management of the company have decided to expand their potential market by capitalizing on the recent demand for pedal cycles caused by congestion and concerns for global warming. They intend to start manufacturing pedal cycles from 2019.

The design team has developed four models A, B, C, and D for the initial launch of the pedal cycle. The manufacturing process involves frame manufacturing and assembly/accessory fitting.

Year 1

At present, there are 40 employees available to undertake frame manufacturing and 20 available for assembly and accessory fitting. Each employee works a 37-hour week, and no overtime is permitted. Employees working on frame manufacturing cost N1,100 per hour, while those working on assembly/accessory fitting cost N1,500 per hour. All employees can be fully utilized elsewhere if not working on this venture.

The anticipated time in hours that each process will take is as follows:

Model Frame Manufacturing (hours) Assembly/Accessory Fitting (hours)
A 2.25 1.25
B 2.20 1.80
C 2.20 1.40
D 2.60 3.00

Direct materials are expected to cost N5,500 for Model A, N6,000 for Models B and C, and N10,000 for Model D. There is no limit on the availability of materials.

Variable overheads of N2,700 per pedal cycle are incurred for both Models A and C, and N3,000 per pedal cycle for both Models B and D.

Fixed overheads allocated to the pedal cycle workshop are N666,000 per annum. The organization uses labor hours to base its overhead absorption rates.

Initial market research indicates that demand and selling prices are likely to be as follows:

Model Number of Pedal Cycles Selling Price (N)
A 200 14,550
B 75 16,500
C 220 17,000
D 80 24,000

Year 2

In Year 2, two additional options are available:

  1. Lifting the overtime ban and paying overtime at a rate of time and a half. This will necessitate raising the selling price of all units of the specific model being completed outside normal working hours by N2,500 per pedal cycle. The selling price of the other models remains the same as in Year 1.
  2. Buying in the completed pedal cycle necessary to meet demand from another supplier. This would cost N27,000 per pedal cycle, and the selling price of all units of the model would be increased by N5,500. However, the board is concerned this option may reduce demand.

Required:

a. Determine the production plan that would maximize the profit available to JJ Company in Year 1, assuming no overtime is worked. State the profit that would be earned as a result of this plan. (14 Marks)
b. Advise JJ Company of its most profitable course of action in Year 2, assuming all demand is to be satisfied. (8 Marks)
c. Explain in detail how the relationship between the company and the chosen supplier should be controlled if the directors are considering outsourcing key inputs. (8 Marks)

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PM – Nov 2018 – L2 – SA – Q1 – Decision-Making Techniques

Maximize profit for JJ Company by determining the optimal production plan and advising on Year 2 scenarios for fulfilling demand.

JJ Company specializes in the manufacture and distribution of accessories for cars and motorcycles across central Lagos and the suburbs. The board and management of the company have decided to expand their potential market by capitalizing on the recent demand for pedal cycles caused by congestion and concerns for global warming. They intend to start manufacturing pedal cycles from 2019.

The design team has developed four models A, B, C, and D for the initial launch of the pedal cycle. The manufacturing process involves frame manufacturing and assembly/accessory fitting.

Year 1

At present, there are 40 employees available to undertake frame manufacturing and 20 available for assembly and accessory fitting. Each employee works a 37-hour week, and no overtime is permitted. Employees working on frame manufacturing cost N1,100 per hour, while those working on assembly/accessory fitting cost N1,500 per hour. All employees can be fully utilized elsewhere if not working on this venture.

The anticipated time in hours that each process will take is as follows:

Model Frame Manufacturing (hours) Assembly/Accessory Fitting (hours)
A 2.25 1.25
B 2.20 1.80
C 2.20 1.40
D 2.60 3.00

Direct materials are expected to cost N5,500 for Model A, N6,000 for Models B and C, and N10,000 for Model D. There is no limit on the availability of materials.

Variable overheads of N2,700 per pedal cycle are incurred for both Models A and C, and N3,000 per pedal cycle for both Models B and D.

Fixed overheads allocated to the pedal cycle workshop are N666,000 per annum. The organization uses labor hours to base its overhead absorption rates.

Initial market research indicates that demand and selling prices are likely to be as follows:

Model Number of Pedal Cycles Selling Price (N)
A 200 14,550
B 75 16,500
C 220 17,000
D 80 24,000

Year 2

In Year 2, two additional options are available:

  1. Lifting the overtime ban and paying overtime at a rate of time and a half. This will necessitate raising the selling price of all units of the specific model being completed outside normal working hours by N2,500 per pedal cycle. The selling price of the other models remains the same as in Year 1.
  2. Buying in the completed pedal cycle necessary to meet demand from another supplier. This would cost N27,000 per pedal cycle, and the selling price of all units of the model would be increased by N5,500. However, the board is concerned this option may reduce demand.

Required:

a. Determine the production plan that would maximize the profit available to JJ Company in Year 1, assuming no overtime is worked. State the profit that would be earned as a result of this plan. (14 Marks)
b. Advise JJ Company of its most profitable course of action in Year 2, assuming all demand is to be satisfied. (8 Marks)
c. Explain in detail how the relationship between the company and the chosen supplier should be controlled if the directors are considering outsourcing key inputs. (8 Marks)

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TAX – Nov 2018 – L2 – SC – Q7b – Tax Dispute Resolution

List seven transactions that require a tax clearance certificate before proceeding.

In a bid to bring more individuals and corporate organizations into the tax net, the submission of tax clearance certificates by taxpayers is a condition precedent before bidding for contracts.

Required:
State seven transactions which necessitate the submission of a tax clearance certificate.

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TAX – Nov 2018 – L2 – SC – Q7b – Tax Dispute Resolution

List seven transactions that require a tax clearance certificate before proceeding.

In a bid to bring more individuals and corporate organizations into the tax net, the submission of tax clearance certificates by taxpayers is a condition precedent before bidding for contracts.

Required:
State seven transactions which necessitate the submission of a tax clearance certificate.

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TAX – Nov 2018 – L2 – SC – Q7a – Tax Dispute Resolution

Advise the managing director on the actions to be taken to resolve a disputed tax assessment by the FIRS.

As tax consultants to Aderibigbe and Associates Limited, the managing director of your client brought an assessment notice served on the company by the Federal Inland Revenue Service. He complained that the assessment was outrageous. You observed that the amount assessed was higher than that based on the documents submitted to the tax office.

Required:
Advise the managing director on the action to be taken to resolve the disputed assessment.

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TAX – Nov 2018 – L2 – SC – Q7a – Tax Dispute Resolution

Advise the managing director on the actions to be taken to resolve a disputed tax assessment by the FIRS.

As tax consultants to Aderibigbe and Associates Limited, the managing director of your client brought an assessment notice served on the company by the Federal Inland Revenue Service. He complained that the assessment was outrageous. You observed that the amount assessed was higher than that based on the documents submitted to the tax office.

Required:
Advise the managing director on the action to be taken to resolve the disputed assessment.

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TAX – Nov 2018 – L2 – SC – Q6b – Taxation of Partnerships and Sole Proprietorships

List six considerations used to determine whether an activity constitutes a trade.

The difficulty in determining what constitutes a trade has led to many litigations and numerous tax cases on the issue. The problem from decided cases is that of finding an absolute test for identifying a trade. The conclusion has always been that there are no fixed rules, but that each case must be determined on its own facts.

Required:
State six considerations that influence the determination of when an activity constitutes a trade.

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TAX – Nov 2018 – L2 – SC – Q6b – Taxation of Partnerships and Sole Proprietorships

List six considerations used to determine whether an activity constitutes a trade.

The difficulty in determining what constitutes a trade has led to many litigations and numerous tax cases on the issue. The problem from decided cases is that of finding an absolute test for identifying a trade. The conclusion has always been that there are no fixed rules, but that each case must be determined on its own facts.

Required:
State six considerations that influence the determination of when an activity constitutes a trade.

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TAX – Nov 2018 – L2 – SC – Q6a – Withholding Tax (WHT)

Explain the main features of withholding tax and the relevant tax authorities for WHT in Nigeria.

Recently, the Federal Inland Revenue Service offices across the country embarked on a nationwide sensitisation programme. At a forum organised for this purpose in one of their offices in the South West zone, consultants were invited to present papers. As one of the tax consultants, you are required to explain:
(i) Three main features of withholding tax (3 Marks)
(ii) The relevant tax authorities in relation to withholding tax in Nigeria (3 Marks)

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TAX – Nov 2018 – L2 – SC – Q6a – Withholding Tax (WHT)

Explain the main features of withholding tax and the relevant tax authorities for WHT in Nigeria.

Recently, the Federal Inland Revenue Service offices across the country embarked on a nationwide sensitisation programme. At a forum organised for this purpose in one of their offices in the South West zone, consultants were invited to present papers. As one of the tax consultants, you are required to explain:
(i) Three main features of withholding tax (3 Marks)
(ii) The relevant tax authorities in relation to withholding tax in Nigeria (3 Marks)

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TAX – Nov 2018 – L2 – SC – Q5b – Companies Income Tax (CIT)

State the categories of companies exempted from minimum tax liability.

State the categories of companies that are exempted from minimum tax liability.

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TAX – Nov 2018 – L2 – SC – Q5b – Companies Income Tax (CIT)

State the categories of companies exempted from minimum tax liability.

State the categories of companies that are exempted from minimum tax liability.

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