i) Factors Motivating Companies to Disclose Social and Environmental Information (3 marks)

1. Stakeholder Pressure:
   Companies are increasingly motivated to disclose environmental information due to pressure from stakeholders such as investors, regulators, customers, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) who demand transparency regarding the company’s environmental impact. Companies recognize that failure to meet stakeholder expectations can harm their reputation and relationships.
2. Legal and Regulatory Requirements:
   Governments and regulatory bodies have begun to enforce laws requiring environmental disclosures, particularly in industries with significant environmental impacts, such as mining. Kibi Ltd, being in the bauxite mining sector, would be particularly sensitive to these requirements to avoid legal penalties.
3. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Reputation Management:
   Disclosing social and environmental information is part of demonstrating corporate social responsibility. Companies like Kibi Ltd may use these disclosures to enhance their reputation, showing that they are responsible corporate citizens, which could lead to better relations with local communities, improved customer loyalty, and potential investor interest.

ii) Difficulties in Recognizing and Measuring the Financial Effects of Environmental Matters (4 marks)

1. Uncertainty of Environmental Costs:
   It is often difficult to accurately estimate the financial impact of environmental issues because future costs, such as the clean-up of environmental damage, are uncertain and dependent on factors such as government regulations and future environmental standards.
2. Lack of Clear Guidance:
   The accounting standards do not always provide clear guidelines for recognizing and measuring environmental liabilities. For example, there is no universally accepted way to quantify certain environmental impacts, such as biodiversity loss or damage to natural habitats.
3. Difficulty in Estimating the Useful Life of Environmental Assets:
   Estimating the useful life and depreciation of environmental assets, such as reclamation projects or pollution control equipment, can be challenging. This makes it difficult to match environmental expenses with revenues in a reliable manner.
4. Problems with Attributing Costs to Specific Accounting Periods:
   Environmental costs may span multiple accounting periods, making it hard to determine in which period the costs should be recognized. For example, the cost of restoring a mining site may occur several years after the site was initially exploited, complicating the recognition of liabilities.