Trading in Ghana connotes a non-resident person having business presence in Ghana and competing with local businesses. It implies, in simple terms, having a permanent establishment. This creates tax obligations for the non-resident person within Ghana.

Trading with Ghana, on the other hand, does not imply having a business presence in Ghana. It means conducting business with entities in Ghana from outside the country without establishing a permanent establishment within Ghana. This does not create any tax obligations for the non-resident person within Ghana.