Question Tag: Systems Theory

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  • 4 Marks

MI – May 2016 – L1 – SB – Q4c – Information System Development and Security

Differentiate between feedback and feedforward control systems.

Differentiate between Feedback and Feedforward control systems.

Feedback Control Systems:

  1. Nature: Reactive in nature; responds to changes after they occur.
  2. Function: Measures actual performance, compares it to a set standard, and takes corrective action if necessary.
  3. Application: Used in situations where the system needs to correct deviations and bring processes back on track.
  4. Examples: Thermostat regulating room temperature, quality control in manufacturing.

Feedforward Control Systems:

  1. Nature: Proactive in nature; anticipates changes and adjusts accordingly before they occur.
  2. Function: Focuses on preventing deviations by monitoring inputs and predicting their impact on the process.
  3. Application: Used in dynamic environments where preemptive action is necessary to avoid disruptions.
  4. Examples: Weather forecasting to plan for agricultural activities, financial budgeting to avoid cash flow problems.
  • 12 Marks

MI – May 2016 – L1 – SB – Q4b – Information Systems

Describe four ways each of the following open systems can adapt to its environment.

Enumerate FOUR ways by which each of the following open systems will adapt to its environment:

i. Deterministic Systems
ii. Probabilistic Systems
iii. Cybernetic Systems

i. Deterministic Systems:

  1. Input-Output Control: Ensuring that every input results in a predictable output, minimizing variations and uncertainties.
  2. Process Standardization: Implementing strict procedures and routines to handle environmental changes systematically.
  3. Predictive Modeling: Using mathematical and logical models to anticipate environmental changes and adjust accordingly.
  4. Feedback Mechanism: Using fixed rules for feedback to correct deviations and maintain the system’s stability.

ii. Probabilistic Systems:

  1. Scenario Analysis: Evaluating different possible outcomes based on historical data and likelihood to prepare for various scenarios.
  2. Risk Management: Implementing risk assessment techniques to identify potential environmental changes and their impact.
  3. Adaptive Planning: Developing flexible plans that can be adjusted as probabilities and environmental conditions change.
  4. Stochastic Modeling: Using probability distributions to model and anticipate potential environmental variability.

iii. Cybernetic Systems:

  1. Self-Regulation: Employing control mechanisms such as sensors and feedback loops to monitor and adjust the system automatically.
  2. Real-time Adaptation: Making immediate adjustments in response to changes detected in the environment.
  3. Goal-oriented Behavior: Adjusting processes to achieve predefined goals despite external disturbances.
  4. Learning Mechanism: Incorporating learning capabilities to improve responses to environmental changes over time.
  • 2 Marks

MI – May 2016 – L1 – SB – Q4a – Information Systems

Define the term "Open System."

Define the term “Open System.”

An Open System is a system that interacts with its external environment by exchanging information, energy, or material with other systems. It is characterized by its ability to adapt, change, and respond to external influences and is not isolated from the environment. This concept is fundamental in systems theory as it emphasizes the interconnectedness and dependency of systems on their surroundings.

 

 

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