Question Tag: Public Sector Accounting

Search 500 + past questions and counting.
Professional Bodies Filter
Program Filters
Subject Filters
More
Tags Filter
More
Check Box – Levels
Series Filter
More
Topics Filter
More

Below is the Trial Balance of the Consolidated Fund for the year ended 31 December 2014.

Additional Information:
i) It is the policy of Controller and Accountant General to adopt the accrual basis of preparing the public accounts of the Consolidated Fund for the first time in compliance with the Financial Administration Regulation 2004 and the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS). The effective date is 31 December 2014.
ii) The current Chart of Accounts based on the GFS 2001 is used in the classification of revenues and expenditures.
iii) Consumption of fixed capital charged on cost for the year has been computed as GH¢156,000,000.
iv) Direct tax revenues due to government but were not received at 31 December 2014 amounted to GH¢49,000,000.
v) An established post salary in arrears as a result of salary increment in the fourth quarter of 2014 was GH¢56,000,000 and goods and services outstanding at the end of the year amounted to GH¢12,000,000.
vi) The grant shown in the trial balance as expenditure represents a statutory transfer to the District Assembly Common Fund (DACF). Any arrears in the DACF should be treated as payable. The current rate of transfer is 7.5% on the amount received.
vii) Public debt interest of GH¢14,000,000 was due to creditors but was not paid as at 31 December 2014.

Required:
a) Prepare in a form suitable for publication and in accordance with the relevant Financial Laws and IPSAS:
i) Statement of Financial Performance of the Consolidated Fund for the year ended 31 December 2014.
ii) Statement of Financial Position of the Consolidated Fund as at 31 December 2014.
(Show all workings clearly)

b) Disclose any TWO significant accounting policies as part of the notes to your accounts, as much as the information provided will permit.

i) Statement of Financial Performance of the Consolidated Fund
for the year ended 31 December, 2014

ii) Statement of Financial Position as at 31 December 2014

ii) Statement of Financial Position as at 31 December 2014

(b)
Notes on Accounting Policy include:
i) Basis of Accounting
The accounts are prepared on accrual basis for the first time.
ii) Consumption of Fixed Capital/depreciation policy
Depreciation is charged on non-financial assets acquired during the year.
Infrastructure is depreciated at 5% per annum on cost and other PPEs are
depreciated at 10% per annum on cost.
iii) Accounts are prepared in compliance with the IPSAS and the Financial
Laws of the country.

EXAMINER’S COMMENTS
This was generally fairly well answered by most candidates. Some candidates
however performed very poorly in answering the question, showing that they were
ill-prepared for the examination.

 

 

 

Country X and Country Y are Sub-Saharan African Countries that attained independence around the same period. Presented below are the financial statements of the two countries.

Statement of Financial Performance for the year ended 31 December 2020:

Item Description Country X (GH¢ million) Country Y (GH¢ million)
Revenues
Domestic tax 39,675 25,500
International trade tax 27,300 31,995
Non-tax revenue 11,250 19,200
Grants 1,950 1,650
Total revenue 80,175 78,345
Expenditure
Compensation for employees 44,700 30,450
Use of goods and services 15,450 21,000
Consumption of fixed capital 360 420
Exchange difference 1,485 900
Interest 29,490 15,690
Subsidies 765 180
Other expenses 2,400 2,145
Total Expenditure 94,650 70,785
Net Operating Result (14,475) 7,560

Other Information:

Item Description Country X Country Y
Population 30,000,000 22,500,000
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) GH¢ 217,500,000,000 GH¢ 165,000,000,000

Statement of Financial Position as at 31 December 2020:

Item Description Country X (GH¢ million) Country Y (GH¢ million)
Non-Current Assets
Property, plant, and equipment 3,675 33,600
Equity investment 12,000 8,250
Total Non-Current Assets 15,675 41,850
Current Assets
Receivables 10,050 12,600
Cash and cash equivalent 7,050 27,000
Total Current Assets 17,100 39,600
Total Assets 32,775 81,450
Funds and Liabilities
Accumulated Fund (120,300) 7,200
Current Liabilities
Payables 9,300 6,150
Trust monies 2,100 1,350
Domestic debt 24,000 6,750
Total Current Liabilities 35,400 14,250
Non-Current Liabilities
Domestic debt 54,000 27,000
External debt 63,675 33,000
Total Non-Current Liabilities 117,675 60,000
Total Fund and Liabilities 32,775 81,450

Required:
i) From the information provided, compute for the two countries respectively:

  • Grant to Total Revenue ratio
  • Wage Bill to Tax Revenue ratio
  • Interest to Revenue ratio
  • Debt to GDP ratio
  • Capital expenditure per Capita
  • Wages bill to Total Expenditure ratio (6 marks)

ii) Based on the result in question i), write a report discussing and analyzing the financial performance and financial position of the two countries. Include in your report the limitations of the analysis of the two countries. (4 marks)

i) Summary of Ratios:

Ratio Description Country X Country Y
Grant to Total Revenue ratio 2.43% 2.11%
Wage Bill to Tax Revenue ratio 66.74% 52.96%
Interest to Revenue ratio 36.78% 20.03%
Debt to GDP ratio 54.10% 36.36%
Capital Expenditure per Capita GH¢522.5 per person GH¢1,860 per person
Wages Bill to Total Expenditure 47.23% 43.02%

ii) Report on Financial Performance and Position of Country X and Country Y
Introduction:
In this report, the financial performance and financial position of two Sub-Saharan African countries, Country X and Country Y, have been examined using specific ratios. The report aims to perform a comparative analysis of the two countries to provide insights into their economic management.

Discussion and Analysis:

  • Grant to Total Revenue Ratio:
    • Country X: 2.43%
    • Country Y: 2.11%
    • Analysis: Both countries rely minimally on grants as part of their total revenue, indicating a low dependence on external aid.
  • Wage Bill to Tax Revenue Ratio:
    • Country X: 66.74%
    • Country Y: 52.96%
    • Analysis: Country Y has a more efficient wage bill management relative to its tax revenue, suggesting better fiscal discipline compared to Country X.
  • Interest to Revenue Ratio:
    • Country X: 36.78%
    • Country Y: 20.03%
    • Analysis: Country X allocates a higher portion of its revenue to interest payments, indicating a higher debt servicing burden than Country Y.
  • Debt to GDP Ratio:
    • Country X: 54.10%
    • Country Y: 36.36%
    • Analysis: Country X has a higher debt to GDP ratio, which may signal potential challenges in managing its debt sustainably compared to Country Y.
  • Capital Expenditure per Capita:
    • Country X: GH¢522.5 per person
    • Country Y: GH¢1,860 per person
    • Analysis: Country Y is investing significantly more in capital expenditure per capita, which could lead to better infrastructure and public services in the future.
  • Wages Bill to Total Expenditure Ratio:
    • Country X: 47.23%
    • Country Y: 43.02%
    • Analysis: Both countries have high wage bills relative to total expenditure, but Country X’s ratio is slightly higher, indicating less flexibility in its budget for other spending.

Limitations:

  • Accounting Basis Differences: The financial statements may be prepared under different accounting bases, affecting comparability.
  • Economic Context: The economic structure and level of development may differ, influencing financial performance and position.
  • Governance Factors: Variations in governance and administrative efficiency between the two countries may impact the financial ratios and their interpretation.

Conclusion:
The analysis suggests that Country Y has better fiscal discipline and investment in capital infrastructure compared to Country X. However, Country X needs to address its higher debt levels and interest payment burdens to improve its financial stability.

Below is the Trial Balance of the Consolidated Fund of Ghana for the year ended 31 December 2020.

Item Description DR (GH¢ million) CR (GH¢ million)
Cash and Bank 61,350
Established Post Salaries 13,524
Non-Established Post Salaries 4,016
Communications Service Tax 5,144
PAYE 6,940
Non-Tax Revenues 2,312
Travel and Transport 468
Administration Cost 6,704
Conferences and Seminars 2,510
Foreign Travel Cost 1,490
Stationery Inventories 20
Stationery Purchased 220
Vehicles Income Tax 2,316
Corporate Tax 4,626
Grants 1,150 2,516
Customs and Excise Duties 1,286
Subsidies for Consumption 1,282
Subsidies for Production 722
Value Added Tax 7,716
Social Benefits 760
State Protocol 100
Allowance 300
Domestic Debt Interest 2,906
External Debt Interest 3,482
Motor Vehicle 4,800 1,920
Equipment 8,400 1,680
Computers 18,400 5,240
Railway (Completed) 5,000
Work in Progress 400
Equity and Security Investment 1,960
Loans and Advances 1,120
Gold and Other Reserves 1,620
Judgement Debt 280
Treasury Bills 22,240
Domestic Debt 26,924
Payables 34,844
External Debt 45,726
Trust Fund and Deposits 4,470
Other Expenditure 1,800
Rent Receivable 1,600
Accumulated Fund 29,516

Total: 175,900, 175,900

Additional information:
i) It is the policy of the Controller and Accountant General to use Accrual Basis of Accounting in preparing the Public Accounts of the Consolidated Fund financial statements in compliance with the Public Financial Management Act, 2016 (Act 921), Public Financial Management Regulation 2019 L.I 2378, and the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS).

ii) Inventory in respect of stationery outstanding as at 31 December 2020 cost GH¢18 million and has a current Replacement Cost of GH¢12 million. Meanwhile, the Net Realisable value of the Inventories is estimated at GH¢14 million. No market exists for unused inventories.

iii) An Established Post Salary in arrears as a result of a salary increment in the fourth quarter of 2020 was GH¢56 million, and Public Debt Interest outstanding as at 31 December 2020 amounts to GH¢14 million.

iv) Consumption of Fixed Capital is charged on a Straight-Line Basis for the year as follows:

Asset Useful life
Motor Vehicle 5 years
Equipment 10 years
Computers 5 years
Railway 20 years

v) The Multilateral Partners have extended their Debt Forgiveness policy to the Government, which has resulted in the External Debt write-off amounting to GH¢4 billion in the year. However, this transaction has not been accounted for in the books.

vi) In the year 2019, GH¢8 billion was spent in acquiring Equipment to boost Government projects. However, these transactions were recognised in the accounts as Goods and Services Expenditure in the year 2019. This error has since not been rectified.

Required:
a) Prepare in a form suitable for publication and in accordance with the relevant Financial Laws and IPSAS:

  • Statement of Financial Performance for the year ended 31 December 2020. (9 marks)
    b) Statement of Financial Position as at 31 December 2020. (7 marks)
    c) State and Explain FOUR (4) Conditions under which Revenue from The Sale of Goods shall be recognized in accordance with IPSAS 9: Revenue from Exchange Transactions. (4 marks)

a)

CONSOLIDATED FUND OF GHANA
STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE FOR THE YEAR
ENDED 31/12/2020

 

Statement of Accumulated Fund for the year ended 31/12/2020

 

b)

CONSOLIDATED FUND
STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION AS AT 31/12/2020

c) Conditions for Revenue Recognition (IPSAS 9):
Revenue from the sale of goods shall be recognised when all the following conditions have been satisfied:

  1. The entity has transferred to the purchaser the significant risks and rewards of ownership of the goods.
  2. The entity retains neither continuing managerial involvement to the degree usually associated with ownership nor effective control over the goods sold.
  3. The amount of revenue can be measured reliably.
  4. The economic benefits or service potential associated with the transaction will probably flow to the entity.
  5. The costs incurred or to be incurred in respect of the transaction can be measured reliably.

Implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) is a priority of Government in 2021, and the Controller and Accountant General is doing everything possible to ensure effective implementation. One major concern of the implementors is the measurement of public assets, as these assets are numerous, varied, and acquired in different ways. Nevertheless, assets need to be measured and recognised in accordance with IPSAS.

Required:
i) Explain the objectives of Measurement in Financial Reporting under IPSAS. (4 marks)
ii) Explain FOUR (4) Measurement Bases for assets in line with the Conceptual Framework of General Purpose Financial Report. (6 marks)

i) Measurement Objectives:
The objective of measurement is to select those measurement bases that most fairly reflect the cost of services, operational capacity, and financial capacity of the entity in a manner that is useful in holding the entity to account and for decision-making purposes. The selection of a measurement basis for assets and liabilities contributes to meeting the objectives of financial reporting in the public sector by providing information that enables users to assess:

  • The cost of services provided in the period in historical or current terms;
  • Operational capacity—the capacity of the entity to support the provision of services in future periods through physical and other resources;
  • Financial capacity—the capacity of the entity to fund its activities.

ii) Bases of Measurement of Assets:

  1. Historical Cost:
    • The consideration given to acquire or develop an asset, which is the cash or cash equivalents or the value of the other consideration given at the time of its acquisition or development.
  2. Market Value:
    • The amount for which an asset could be exchanged between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm’s length transaction.
  3. Replacement Cost:
    • The most economical cost required for the entity to replace the service potential of an asset at the reporting date.
  4. Net Selling Price:
    • The amount that the entity can obtain from the sale of the asset after deducting the costs of sale.
  5. Value in Use:
    • The present value to the entity of the asset’s remaining service potential or ability to generate economic benefits if it continues to be used and the net amount that the entity will receive from its disposal at the end of its useful life.

Financial Reporting is not an end in itself. Its usefulness is by reference to the users of General-Purpose Financial Reports (GPFR) and their information needs. Until the information provided meets the information needs of the users, that information is worthless. Thus, accountants must be knowledgeable of the class of users of the information and the need for such information. The Conceptual Framework identifies the primary users whose information needs should be paramount in the preparation of GPFR.

Required:
Discuss FOUR (4) matters that the information provided in a GPFR helps primary users to assess an entity. (5 marks)

  • Performance Assessment: GPFR helps users assess the entity’s performance during the reporting period concerning operational and financial objectives.
  • Liquidity and Solvency: GPFR provides information on the entity’s ability to meet short-term and long-term obligations, helping assess its financial stability.
  • Service Delivery Sustainability: GPFR helps assess whether the entity can sustain its service delivery and operations over the long term, including changes due to the entity’s activities.
  • Adaptability to Change: GPFR provides insights into the entity’s capacity to adapt to changes in economic or demographic conditions, impacting the services it provides.

Revenues of Local Government Authorities are often limited. Therefore, there is a need for the Assemblies to institute adequate internal controls over their revenues to improve their financial health.

Required:
State and explain FOUR (4) internal control systems that the Assemblies can put in place to effectively control their revenues. (4 marks)

  • Immediate Banking of Collections: Ensure that all revenue collected is banked promptly to prevent misuse. This can include direct deposits by payers into the Assembly’s account.
  • Accurate Assessment and Collection: Identify all potential revenue sources and ensure accurate levying. Implement electronic systems to track and collect revenue efficiently.
  • Proper Custody of Value Books: Ensure that value books (e.g., receipt books) are stored securely and issued only to authorized personnel. Maintain proper records of these books.
  • Regular Record Keeping: Assign responsible officers for maintaining up-to-date records of revenue transactions. Implement approved accounting software for better accuracy and transparency.

In accordance with Section 4 (2) (d) of the Public Financial Management Act 2016 (Act 921), the Minister of Finance shall manage Government property, Financial assets, Government debts, Government guarantees, and other contingent liabilities specified under Act 921. Paragraph 160 (2) of Public Financial Management Regulations, L.I 2378 of 2019 sets out measures the Finance Minister shall take upon recognizing that Government land or building is illegally occupied by an unauthorized person.

Required:

State and explain THREE (3) measures the Finance Minister shall take, upon recognizing that Government land or building of a covered entity is illegally occupied by an unauthorized person. (6 marks)

  • Eject the Person: The Finance Minister can initiate the removal of the unauthorized person from the government property to reclaim it for public use.
  • Request Law Enforcement Intervention: The Minister may request assistance from law enforcement to ensure that the unauthorized person is removed from the land or building.
  • Impose Rent: The Minister may order the unauthorized person to pay the rent they would have been liable for during the period of illegal occupation, effectively retroactively charging for the use of the property.
  • Refer the case to the Attorney-General for advice.

Explain FIVE (5) segments of the Ghana Integrated Financial Management Information System (GIFMIS) Chart of Accounts. (5 marks)

 

  1. Institution: This segment defines the institution responsible for the transaction. In Ghana, only the Government of Ghana qualifies as an institutional unit under this segment.
  2. Funding: This segment tracks the source of funding for expenditures, including Fund Types and Fund Sources as established by law.
  3. Functions of Government: This segment classifies outlays by function, providing an overview of the allocation of budget resources among different sectors of the economy.
  4. Organization: This segment defines the organizational structure of Ministries, Departments, Agencies (MDAs), and Metropolitan, Municipal, and District Assemblies (MMDAs), identifying cost centers or units within these organizations.
  5. Program, Sub Program, Projects and Activities: This segment is used to identify government programs and their strategic objectives, tracking outputs and services to achieve these objectives.
  6. Location: This segment will record each geographical location, e.g. where work is
    performed or transactions occur. This is determined by using the Regions, Districts
    and various subdivisions of Metropolitan, Municipal and District areas.
  7. Natural Accounts: This segment is used to define account classes – Revenue,
    Expenditure, Assets and Liabilities. The natural account segment as produced in
    the trial balance is an essential component of the Chart of Accounts.
  8. Two Spare segments: There are two segments with 6 characters each provided for
    future business operations. They may be dependent or independent of each other.

a) Using public money to procure goods, works, and services to provide public services is a frequent but complicated decision of the Head of Procurement entities. It is required that such decisions should go through due process to attain value for money for the public. The Public Procurement laws are embodiments of core principles that govern the entire process. Procurement entities are therefore entreated to promote and secure these core principles in the conduct of public procurements. Non-compliance with these principles embedded in the law increases the risk associated with public procurement.

Required:

i) Explain SIX (6) general principles of public procurement that an officer in charge of procurement of goods, services, and works should consider in line with the Public Procurement Act 2016 (Amendment) Act 914. (6 marks)

ii) Discuss FOUR (4) risks associated with public procurement in the Ghanaian Public Sector. (4 marks)

b) IPSAS 32: Service Concession Arrangements: Grantor establishes the accounting and reporting requirements for the grantor in a service concession arrangement. In these kinds of arrangements, the grantor is a public sector entity. Service Concession arrangements in the public sector are characterized by binding arrangements that involve private sector participation in the development, financing, operation, and/or maintenance of assets used to provide public services. IPSAS 32’s intention is to create symmetry with IFRIC 12: Service Concession Arrangements on relevant accounting issues (that is, liabilities, revenue, and expenses) from the grantor’s point of view.

Required:
i) State and Explain TWO (2) conditions under which a grantor can recognize a Service Concession Asset. (4 marks)

ii) Explain any THREE (3) pieces of information that the grantor shall present and disclose in its Financial Statements. (6 marks)

a) Principles of Public Procurement:

i) General Principles:

  1. Competition: Opening procurement opportunities to all potential suppliers and contractors encourages competition, ensuring value for money. Competitive tendering should be the preferred option.
  2. Accountability: The procurement entity and the head of procurement are accountable to the public for their procurement decisions and must provide explanations for their actions.
  3. Transparency: The procurement process should be transparent, from the invitation to tender to the evaluation and selection of suppliers. This transparency ensures public trust and fairness.
  4. Fairness/Non-Discrimination: All potential suppliers should be treated fairly, with no discrimination based on gender, party affiliation, ethnicity, or religion. Only price and quality should be the deciding factors.
  5. Economy: The procurement process should aim to reduce costs while achieving the desired outcomes, ensuring that public funds are used efficiently.
  6. Efficiency: The procurement process should be conducted efficiently to achieve the intended procurement objectives without unnecessary delays or costs.

(6 marks)

ii) Risks Associated with Public Procurement:

  1. Overvaluation of Procurement Contracts: There’s a high risk of contracts being overvalued for personal gain, leading to waste of public resources.
  2. Procurement of Inferior Goods and Services: There is a risk of public entities procuring substandard goods and services that do not meet the required specifications, often due to corruption or incompetence.
  3. Conflict of Interest: Heads of entities and procurement officers might award contracts to companies they have personal interests in, compromising the integrity of the procurement process.
  4. Fake Procurement: There is a risk of payments being made for goods and services that were never procured, with the proceeds being misappropriated.

(4 marks)

b) Service Concession Arrangements (IPSAS 32):

i) Conditions for Recognizing a Service Concession Asset:

  1. Control of Services: The grantor must control or regulate the services that the operator must provide with the asset, including who receives the services and the prices charged.
  2. Control of Residual Interest: The grantor must control any significant residual interest in the asset at the end of the service concession arrangement term, through ownership, beneficial entitlement, or otherwise.

(4 marks)

ii) Information to be Disclosed in Financial Statements:

  1. Description of the Arrangement: A comprehensive description of the service concession arrangement, including significant terms that may affect future cash flows, should be disclosed.
  2. Nature and Extent of Rights and Obligations: This includes the rights to use specified assets, receive specified services, or receive specified assets at the end of the arrangement, as well as any obligations to provide the operator with access to assets or revenue-generating opportunities.
  3. Changes in the Arrangement: Any changes in the service concession arrangement during the reporting period should be disclosed, including the impact on the financial position and performance of the grantor.

a) Public financial management is critical for the successful implementation of government policies and developmental goals. Public financial management is a linchpin that ties together available resources, delivery of services, and achievement of government policy objectives. The need to assess the extent to which public financial management systems operate led to the development of the Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability (PEFA) framework by a coalition of seven international development partners. Since 2001, the PEFA framework has received recognition across the world.

Required:

i) Explain the purpose of the PEFA framework. (3 marks)
ii) Explain the key pillars of an open and orderly public financial management system under the PEFA framework. (7 marks)

b) Country A and Country B are Sub-Saharan African Countries that attained independence around the same period. Presented below are the financial statements of the two countries:

Statement of Financial Performance for the year ended December 31, 2018

Description Country A (GH¢ million) Country B (GH¢ million)
Domestic Tax 26,450 17,000
International trade tax 18,200 21,330
Non-tax revenue 7,500 12,800
Grants 1,300 1,100
Total revenue 53,450 52,230
Compensation for employees 29,800 20,300
Use of goods and services 10,300 14,000
Consumption of fixed capital 240 280
Exchange difference 990 600
Interest 19,660 10,460
Subsidies 510 120
Other expenses 1,600 1,430
Total Expenditure 63,100 47,190
Net Operation Result (9,650) 5,040

Statement of Financial Position as at 31 December 2018

Description Country A (GH¢ million) Country B (GH¢ million)
Non-Current Assets
Property, plant and equipment 2,450 22,400
Equity investment 8,000 5,500
Total Non-Current Assets 10,450 27,900
Current Assets
Receivables 6,700 8,400
Cash and cash equivalent 4,700 18,000
Total Current Assets 11,400 26,400
Total Assets 21,850 54,300
Description Country A (GH¢ million) Country B (GH¢ million)
Funds and Liabilities
Accumulated Fund (80,200) 4,800
Current Liabilities
Payables 6,200 4,100
Trust monies 1,400 900
Domestic debt 16,000 4,500
Total Current Liabilities 23,600 9,500
Non-current Liabilities
Domestic debt 36,000 18,000
External debt 42,450 22,000
Total Non-current Liabilities 78,450 40,000
Total Funds and Liabilities 21,850 54,300

Required:

a) From the information provided, compute for the two countries respectively:
i) Grant to Revenue ratio
ii) Wage Bill to Tax Revenue ratio
iii) Interest to Revenue ratio
iv) Capital Assets ratio
v) Debt to GDP ratio
vi) Capital expenditure per Capita
(4 marks)

b) Based on the result in question (a), write a report discussing and analyzing the financial performance and financial position of the two countries. Include in your report the limitations of the analysis of the two countries. (6 marks)

a) Purpose of the PEFA Framework:

i) The Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability (PEFA) framework provides a structure for assessing and reporting on the strengths and weaknesses of public financial management (PFM) using quantitative indicators to measure performance. PEFA is designed to provide a snapshot of PFM performance at specific points in time using a methodology that can be replicated in successive assessments, giving a summary of changes over time.

PEFA is useful in the following ways:

  • It helps governments achieve sustainable improvements in PFM practices by providing a means to measure and monitor performance across important public financial management institutions, systems, and processes.
  • PEFA provides a framework for assessing transparency and accountability in public financial management.
  • It offers a common basis for examining PFM performance across national and subnational governments.
  • PEFA scores and reports provide a quick overview of the strengths and weaknesses of a country’s PFM system.

(3 marks)

ii) Key Pillars of an Open and Orderly Public Financial Management System under the PEFA Framework:

  1. Budget reliability: The government budget is realistic and implemented as intended, measured by comparing actual revenues and expenditures with the original budget.
  2. Transparency of public finances: Information on public financial management is comprehensive, consistent, and accessible, including budget classification and transparency of all government revenue and expenditure.
  3. Management of assets and liabilities: Effective management ensures public investments provide value for money, assets are recorded and managed, and fiscal risks are identified.
  4. Policy-based fiscal strategy and budgeting: The fiscal strategy and the budget are prepared with due regard to government policies and strategic plans.
  5. Predictability and control in budget execution: The budget is implemented within a system of effective standards, processes, and internal controls.
  6. Accounting and reporting: Accurate and reliable records are maintained, and information is disseminated at appropriate times for decision-making.
  7. External scrutiny and audit: Public finances are independently reviewed, with external follow-up on the implementation of recommendations.

(7 marks)

b) Computation of Ratios:

Ratio Country A Country B
i) Grants to Revenue ratio (%) 2.43 2.11
ii) Wage Bill to Tax Revenue ratio (%) 66.74 52.96
iii) Interest to Revenue ratio (%) 36.78 20.03
iv) Capital Assets ratio 47.83% 51.32%
v) Debt to GDP ratio (%) 65.13 404.55
vi) Capital expenditure per Capita 0.524 1.864

(4 marks)

d) Report on Financial Performance and Position:

Introduction:
This report provides an analysis of the financial performance and position of Country A and Country B based on the computed ratios.

Discussion and Analysis:

  • Grants to Revenue ratio: Both countries receive less than 3% of their revenue from grants, indicating a minimal reliance on external aid.
  • Wage Bill to Tax Revenue ratio: Country B manages its wage bill better than Country A, as indicated by a lower ratio (53% compared to 67%). This suggests that Country B allocates a smaller proportion of its tax revenue to employee compensation, potentially leaving more resources available for other expenditures.
  • Interest to Revenue ratio: Country B also spends a smaller proportion of its revenue on interest payments (20% compared to 37% in Country A), indicating better management of debt servicing costs.
  • Capital Assets ratio: Both countries show relatively high ratios, with Country B slightly higher, reflecting significant investments in long-term assets.
  • Debt to GDP ratio: Country A has a much lower debt to GDP ratio (65%) compared to Country B (404%), indicating a more sustainable debt level for Country A. Country B’s high ratio suggests a potential debt crisis.
  • Capital expenditure per Capita: Country B spends more per capita on capital expenditures compared to Country A, which could imply more investment in infrastructure or other long-term projects.

Limitations:

  • The analysis does not consider differences in the accounting bases used by the two countries.
  • The stage of economic development and governance systems may differ, impacting financial performance and position.
  • The analysis does not account for external economic factors that could influence financial results.

Conclusion:
Country B shows better performance in managing its wage bill and interest payments, but faces a significant debt challenge. Country A, while managing debt better, could improve its expenditure management, particularly concerning employee compensation and interest payments.